Ensayo controlado y aleatorizado del uso de Heberkinasa® en el derrame pleural paraneumónico en niños / Randomized Controlled Trial of the Use of Heberkinase® in Parapneumonic Pleural Effusion in Children

Introducción: El derrame pleural paraneumónico resulta la complicación más frecuente de la neumonía bacteriana, de manejo complejo y muchas veces quirúrgico. No existen publicaciones en Cuba provenientes de ensayos clínicos controlados y aleatorizados ni del uso de la estreptoquinasa recombinante (Heberkinasa®) en el derrame pleural. Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia y la seguridad de la Heberkinasa® en el tratamiento del derrame pleural paraneumónico complicado complejo y el empiema en niños. Métodos: Ensayo clínico fase III, abierto, aleatorizado (2:1), en grupos paralelos y controlado. Se concluyó la inclusión prevista de 48 niños (1-18 años de edad), que cumplieron los criterios de selección. Los progenitores otorgaron el consentimiento informado. Los pacientes se distribuyeron en dos grupos: I- experimental: terapia estándar y administración intrapleural diaria de 200 000 UI de Heberkinasa® durante 3-5 días y II-control: tratamiento estándar. Las variables principales: necesidad de cirugía y la estadía hospitalaria. Se evaluaron los eventos adversos. Resultados: Ningún paciente del grupo I-experimental requirió cirugía, a diferencia del grupo II-control en el que 37,5 por ciento necesitó cirugía video-toracoscópica, con diferencia altamente significativa. Se redujo la estadía hospitalaria (en cuatro días), las complicaciones intratorácicas y las infecciones asociadas a la asistencia sanitaria en el grupo que recibió Heberkinasa®. No se presentaron eventos adversos graves atribuibles al producto. Conclusiones: La Heberkinasa® en el derrame pleural paraneumónico complicado complejo y empiema resultó eficaz y segura para la evacuación del foco séptico, con reducción de la necesidad de tratamiento quirúrgico, de la estadía hospitalaria y de las complicaciones, sin eventos adversos relacionados con su administración(AU)

Introduction: Paraneumonic pleural effusion is the most frequent complication of bacterial pneumonia, with complex and often surgical management. There are no publications in Cuba from randomized controlled clinical trials or the use of recombinant streptokinase (Heberkinase®) in pleural effusion. Objective: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of Heberkinase® in the treatment of complex complicated parapneumonic pleural effusion and empyema in children. Methods: Phase III, open-label, randomized (2:1), parallel-group, controlled clinical trial. The planned inclusion of 48 children (1-18 years of age), who met the selection criteria, was completed. Parents gave informed consent. The patients were divided into two groups: I-experimental: standard therapy and daily intrapleural administration of 200,000 IU of Heberkinase® for 3-5 days; and II-control: standard treatment. The main variables: need for surgery and hospital stay. Adverse events were evaluated. Results: No patient in group I-experimental required surgery, unlike group II-control in which 37.5 percent required video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery, with a highly significant difference. Hospital stay (to 4 days), intrathoracic complications and infections associated to healthcare in the group that received Heberkinase® was reduced. No serious adverse events attributable to the product occurred. Conclusions: Heberkinase® in complex complicated parapneumonic pleural effusion and empyema was effective and safe for the draining of the septic focus, with reduction of the need for surgical treatment, hospital stay and complications, with no adverse events related to its administration(AU)

Sgarbossa Criteria in Left Bundle Branch Block in a Hypertensive Emergency, a Case Report

Abstract Left bundle branch block and hypertensive emergency are very common conditions in clinical cardiovascular and emergency practice. Hypertensive emergency encompasses a spectrum of clinical presentations in which uncontrolled blood pressure leads to progressive end-organ dysfunction. Suspected acute myocardial infarction in the setting of a left bundle branch block presents a unique diagnostic and therapeutic challenge to the clinician. The diagnosis is especially difficult due to electrocardiographic changes caused by altered ventricular depolarization. However, reports on the use of the Sgarbossa's criteria during the management of hypertensive emergency are rare. My current case is a hypertensive emergency patient with acute chest pain and left bundle branch block. Sgarbossa's criteria were initially very weak and, over time, became highly suggestive of acute ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction. Interestingly, chest pain increased as the Sgarbossa's diagnostic criteria were met. Here, we present a case of developing ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction with left bundle branch block that is indicating for thrombolytic therapy. Thrombolytic therapy was strongly indicated because of a higher developing of Sgarbossa criteria scoring. Thus, the higher Sgarbossa criteria scoring in the case was the only indication for thrombolytic. Therefore, how did Sgarbossa criteria developing during the course of the case to indicating the need for thrombolytic therapy?

Eficacia y seguridad de la estreptoquinasa recombinante en niños con derrame pleural paraneumónico / Effectiveness and security of recombinant streptokinase in children with parapneumonic pleural efussion

Introducción: El derrame pleural paraneumónico como complicación de neumonías adquiridas en la comunidad en la población pediátrica constituye un problema de salud mundial y en Cuba. El empleo de fibrinolíticos intrapleurales es una acertada opción terapéutica. Objetivo: Evaluar la eficacia y seguridad de la utilización de la estreptoquinasa recombinante en el tratamiento del derrame pleural paraneumónico complicado complejo en niños. Métodos: Ensayo clínico confirmatorio fase III, monocentro, abierto, aleatorizado y controlado (RPCEC00000292), realizado entre septiembre 2018 - octubre 2019. Se incluyeron niños (1 - 18 años de edad), que cumplieron los criterios de selección, incluida la voluntariedad. Todos recibieron el tratamiento convencional establecido y se distribuyeron en dos grupos: I-experimental (estreptoquinasa recombinante, dosis diaria intrapleural de 200 000 UI, 3-5 días); II-control (terapia convencional). Las variables principales fueron: necesidad de cirugía y la estadía hospitalaria. Se evaluaron también los eventos adversos. Resultados: Se evaluaron 55 niños con la enfermedad referida, de ellos, 34 (61,8 por ciento) se incluyeron en el estudio. Ningún paciente del grupo experimental requirió cirugía, a diferencia del grupo control que lo requirió en 25 por ciento. Se redujo significativamente la estadía hospitalaria en el grupo que recibió estreptoquinasa recombinante. No se presentaron eventos adversos graves atribuibles al tratamiento experimental. Conclusiones: La estreptoquinasa recombinante administrada en el derrame pleural paraneumónico complicado complejo resultó un método eficaz y seguro para la evacuación del foco séptico, con un impacto positivo expresado en la reducción de complicaciones, la necesidad de tratamiento quirúrgico y la estadía hospitalaria, sin la ocurrencia de eventos adversos relacionados con su uso(AU)

in the community by the pediatric population represents a health problem in the world and in Cuba. The use of intrapleural fibrinolytics is a good therapeutic option. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness and security of the use of recombinant streptokinase in the treatment of complex parapneumonic pleural efussion in children. Methods: Phase III confirmatory clinical trial, monocentric, open, randomized and controlled (RPCEC00000292) - named as DENIS study- carried out from September 2018 to October, 2019. There were included children (from 1 to 18 years old) that met the selection criteria including voluntariness. All of them received the established conventional treatment and were distributed in two groups: I- experimental (recombinant streptokinase, intrapleural daily dose of 200 000 UI, 3 - 5 days); II- control (conventional therapy). The main variables were need of surgery and hospital stay. There were also assessed the adverse events. Results: 55 children with the above mentioned disease were assessed; 34 of them (61.8 percent) were included in the study. Any of the patients of the experimental group required surgery, opposite to the control group that required it in a 25 percent. The hospital stay was significantly reduced in the group that had treatment with recombinant streptokinase. There were not any severe adverse events related to the experimental treatment. Conclusions: When recombinant streptokinase was administered in the complex parapneumonic pleural efussion resulted in an efficient and safe method for the elimination of the septic focus, with a positive impact expressed in the reduction of complications, the need of surgical treatment and the hospital stay without presenting related adverse events while using it(AU)

Complicaciones del infarto agudo del miocardio tratado con trombolisis / Complications of the acute hearth attack treated with thrombolysis

RESUMEN Introducción: el infarto agudo de miocardio es una de las formas más graves de cardiopatía isquémica. Representa un problema de salud de relevancia mundial. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo con el objetivo de determinar el comportamiento de pacientes portadores de infarto agudo del miocardio tratados por trombolisis en el Hospital Provincial Docente "Amalia Simoni", de Camagüey, en el período comprendido desde 2013 a 2015. Objetivo: determinar el comportamiento de pacientes portadores de infarto agudo de miocardio, tratados por trombolisis en el Hospital Provincial Docente "Amalia Simoni", de Camagüey. Materiales y métodos: la muestra la conformó los 146 pacientes que ingresaron, en el período antes mencionado, en el Servicio de Gariatría, Hospital Provincial Docente "Amalia Simoni". Se emplearon métodos de estadística descriptiva y se determinó la frecuencia y el porcentaje. Resultados: reveló un predominio de hombres entre 60 y 79 años, con antecedentes de hipertensión arterial y en un elevado porcentaje de fumadores, clasificados en Killip Kimball I y II, con excelentes resultados los tratados antes de las 3 h, y con complicaciones inmediatas sobre el músculo cardiaco. Conclusiones: el tratamiento trombólitico es muy efectivo en las 3 h primeras del comienzo de los síntomas.

ABSTRACT Introduction: the myocardial acute infarct is one of the forms of the ischemic heart disease, being a health problem around the world. The authors carried out a descriptive study with the objective of determining the behavior of patients suffering a myocardial acute infarct treated by thrombolysis in the Teaching Provincial Hospital "Amalia Simoni", of Camagüey, in the period from 2013 to 2015. Objective: to determine the behavior of patients suffering a myocardial acute infarct treated by thrombolysis in the Teaching Provincial Hospital "Amalia Simoni", of Camagüey. Material and methods: the simple was formed by all the 146 patients who entered the Teaching Provincial Hospital "Amalia Simoni" in the before-mentioned period with a diagnosis of myocardial acute infarct. Descriptive statistic methods were used and frequency and percentage were determined. Results: the study showed the predominance of men aged 60-79 years, with antecedents of arterial hypertension and a high number of cigarette smokers, classified in Killip&Kimball I and II. The patients treated before 3 hours passed showed excellent results, and with immediate complications on the heath muscle. Conclusions: thrombolytic treatment is very effective in the first 3 hours after the symptoms beginning.

Fibrinolíticos en el infarto agudo de miocardio. Análisis de una cohorte uruguaya en un período de cuatro años / Fibrinolytics in acute myocardial infarction. Analysis of an uruguayan cohort in a four years period

Introducción: el tratamiento fibrinolítico (FBL) en el infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del ST (IAMCEST) se realiza en Uruguay desde hace más de 30 años. Dado que el acceso a angioplastia primaria está restringido a Montevideo, los FBL siguen siendo el método de reperfusión para muchos pacientes. Desde el año 2011 el Fondo Nacional de Recursos (FNR) ofrece la cobertura financiera del tratamiento FBL. Existe escasa información actualizada sobre su empleo en nuestro medio. Objetivo: conocer el estado actual del uso de tratamiento FBL bajo cobertura del FNR, el proceso asistencial y los resultados obtenidos con el mismo. Método: estudio retrospectivo, observacional, que analiza una cohorte de pacientes con IAMCEST a quienes se les adminstró FBL financiados por el FNR entre el 1º de julio de 2011 y el 30 de junio de 2015. Se estudiaron de forma anónima factores demográficos, cobertura asistencial, características clínicas, tiempos asistenciales al tratamiento, signos clínicos de reperfusión, realización de cineangiocoronariografía (CACG), tratamiento coadyuvante, complicaciones intrahospitalarias y mortalidad. Resultados: se incluyeron 841 pacientes con IAMCEST que fueron tratados con FBL. La edad media fue de 62,6 años (rango 23-95 años), 74,2% era de sexo masculino. Cobertura asistencial pública 23,5% y privada 76,5%. Se utilizó estreptoquinasa (SK) en 52,9% y tenecteplase (TNK) en 47,1%. El tiempo medio entre el inicio de síntomas y el primer contacto médico (PCM) fue de 128 minutos. El tiempo medio PCM-ingreso a puerta fue de 78 minutos y el tiempo puerta-aguja de 77 minutos. Montevideo y tres departamentos cercanos presentaron las tasas más bajas de uso de FBL, el 97,2% fue tratado en el interior del país. Tuvo criterio electrocardiográfico de reperfusión a los 90 minutos, el 54,1%. Se presentó sangrado del sistema nervioso central (SNC) en 0,8%, sangrado digestivo en 0,5% y otros sangrados que requirieron transfusión en 0,6%. El primer día se realizó CACG en el 37,8% de los pacientes (32,8% del grupo SK y 43,5% del grupo TNK, p=0,001), y a los 30 días en 65% (60,6% del grupo SK y 69,7% del grupo TNK, p=0,002). La mortalidad en el primer día fue 5,1%, a los 30 días 10,9% y al año 14,3%, sin diferencia significativa entre los tratados con SK o TNK. Conclusiones: la tasa de uso de FBL en el IAMCEST en Uruguay es baja y aproximadamente la mitad se realizan bajo cobertura del FNR. Existen diferencias regionales e inequidad según la cobertura asistencial. Los tiempos al tratamiento son prolongados y están lejos de las pautas internacionales. Se realizó CACG dentro de los 30 días a casi dos tercios de los pacientes, pero solo a 37,8% en las primeras 24 horas. La mortalidad de esta serie es comparable con registros internacionales.

Introduction: fibrinolytic (FBL) treatment in ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI) has been performed in Uruguay for more than 30 years. Considering that access to primary angioplasty is restricted to Montevideo, FBL remain the reperfusion method for many patients. Since 2011, Fondo Nacional de Recursos (FNR) offers the financial coverage of the FBL treatment. There is limited updated information on the use of FBL in our country. Objective: to know the current state of the use of FBL treatment under FNR coverage, the care process and the results obtained with it. Method: retrospective, observational study analyzing a cohort of patients with STEMI who were administered FBL funded by the FNR between 1st July 2011 and 30th June 2015. Demographic factors, health care coverage, clinical features, treatment times, clinical signs of reperfusion, cineangiocoronariography (CACG), adjuvant treatment, intrahospital complications and mortality, were studied anonymously. Results: were included 841 patients with STEMI who were treated with FBL. The mean age was 62,6 years (range 23-95 years), 74,2% were male. Public health care coverage 23.5% and private 76.5%. Streptokinase (SK) was used in 52,9% and tenecteplase (TNK) in 47,1%. The mean time between the onset of symptoms and the first medical contact (FMC) was 128 min. The mean time between FMC and emergency admission was 78 minutes and door to needle time was 77 minutes. Montevideo and three nearby departments presented the lowest rates of FBL use, 97.2% were treated in another city outside the capital. The 54,1% had electrocardiographic reperfusion criteria at 90 minutes. Central nervous system bleeding occurred in 0,8%, digestive bleeding in 0.5% and other bleeds requiring transfusion in 0.6%. On the first day, CACG was performed in 37,8% of the patients (32,8% in the SK group and 43,5% in the TNK group, p = 0,001), and at 30 days in 64,9% (60,6% % Of SK group and 69,7% of TNK group, p = 0,002). Mortality on the first day was 5,1%, at 30 days 10.9% and 14,3% at the year, with no significant difference between those treated with SK or TNK. Conclusions: the FBL use rate at STEMI in Uruguay is low and approximately half is done under FNR coverage. There are regional differences and inequity according to health care coverage. Treatment times are prolonged and far from international guidelines. CACG was performed within 30 days in almost two thirds of patients, but only 37,8% in the first 24 hours. Mortality in this series is comparable with international registries.

Neutrophil lymphocyte ratio: a prognostic marker in acute ST elevation myocardial infarction

Objective: To investigate if neutrophil lymphocyte ratio [NLR] predicts in-hospital adverse events and mortality, and shortterm [30-day] mortality in ST-elevated myocardial infarction [STEMI] patients thrombolysed with streptokinase [SK]

Study Design: An observational study

Place and Duration of Study: Rawalpindi Institute of Cardiology, from June 2014 till January 2015

Methodology: The STEMI patients, thrombolysed with SK had blood samples at admission, analysed for complete blood counts and NLR calculated. They were grouped into two, low and high NLR, taking 4.50 as cut-off. Chi square test was used to compare rate of adverse events and death in hospital stay. Mann-Whitney test was used to compare median NLR between patients died and discharged alive. Logistic regression analysis was used to estimate predictive ability of NLR for 30-day mortality

Results: A total of 145 [45.3%] patients had complications; 49 [15.3%] died in hospital, and 13 [4.06%] died in 30 days. Patients in high NLR group had higher rate of complications [63.5% vs. 25.5%, p <0.0001] and death [19.2% vs. 11.1%, p=0.046] in hospital than those in low NLR group. Cardiogenic shock [27.5% vs.11.1%, p <0.0001], heart failure [19.2% vs. 7.2%, p=0.002], arrhythmias [18% vs. 6.5%, p <0.0001], reinfarct/angina [9.6% vs.2% p=0.004] occurred more in high NLR group. Median NLR in patients died was higher than those discharged alive [7.46 vs. 4.70, p <0.0001]. Regression analysis showed NLR an independent predictor of mortality [OR 1.131 at 95% CI, p = 0.029]. Age, serum creatinine, Killip class were other predictors [p=0.002 and p=0.02, respectively]. ROC curve showed AUC 0.908 [p <0.0001]

Conclusion: A high NLR predicted increased in hospital complication rate, and in-hospital as well as 30-day mortality in STEMI patients thrombolysed with streptokinase

Deberia usarse fibrinoliticos (estreptoquinasa) para el manejo del derrame pleural complicado maligno o de origen infeccioso? / Should fibrinolytics (streptokinase) be used for the management of complicated malignant or infectious pleural effusion?

CONTEXTO: Históricamente, el tratamiento de elección para pacientes con derrame pleural maligno ha sido la pleurodesis, siendo el talco el agente de elección recomendado (5, 6). Para lograr la pleurodesis, es necesario tener la pleura visceral y parietal en aposición. Dado que al menos el 30% de los pacientes con MPE tienen pulmón no expansible, y el hecho de que la disnea em pacientes con derrame pleural se relaciona más con la ineficiencia diafragmática que con la expansión pulmonar, los IPC (indwelling pleural catheter) se han convertido en el tratamento de elección para los pacientes con antecedentes conocidos con pulmón no expandible. Actualmente no hay recomendaciones sobre si se deben usar IPC o pleurodesis en pacientes con pulmón expandible conocido o sospechado. MÉTODOS: Pregunta de investigación y estrategia de búsqueda. Derrame pleural sintomatico/derrame pleural complicado (infeccioso o derrame pleural maligno) con pulmon expandible, Streptokinasa, talco esteril/ placebo/drenaje, desenlaces: manejo de disnea, resolucion del derrame. Cochrane Library (3 revisiones 57 trials). Epistemonikos (3 ECA-1 en niños 1 revision bibliografica). RESUMEN DE JUICIOS: Teniendo en cuenta que comparaciones directas e indirectas que evaluan fibrinolíticos (estreptoquinasa) frente a estrategias terapeuticas convencionales de efectividad demostrada y avalada por metaanalisis y guias de practica clinica de alta confianza metodologica no fueron beneficiosos y el alto costo asociado con esta estrategia terapêutica. RECOMENDACION: Se recomienda en contra del uso de fibrinoliticos en el manejo del derrame pleural maligno y derrame pleural complicado de origen infeccioso. (Recomendacion FUERTE en contra sustentado en alta certeza de la evidencia).

Utilização da Tomografia de Coerência Ótica na Abordagem de Lesão Intermediária em Paciente com Síndrome Coronariana Aguda / Optical Coherence Tomography in the Management of Intermediate Lesion in a Patient with Acute Coronary Syndrome

A tomografia de coerência ótica fornece imagens tomográficas da microestrutura coronária em alta resolução, possibilitando detalhada caracterização dos componentes e da morfologia da placa aterosclerótica, além de acurada determinação das dimensões vasculares. Relatamos aqui o caso de um paciente com lesão intermediária, na fase subaguda de um infarto do miocárdio, no qual a tomografia de coerência ótica foi utilizada como método diagnóstico complementar para a tomada de decisão e para guiar o procedimento...

Optical coherence tomography provides high-resolution tomography imaging of the coronary microstructure, allowing for detailed characterization of atherosclerotic plaque components and morphology, in addition to an accurate determination of vascular dimensions. We report the case of a patient with an intermediate coronary lesion, presenting in the subacute phase of a myocardial infarction, in whom optical coherence tomography was used as an adjunctive diagnostic method to aid in the decision-making process and to guide the interventional procedure...

Heparina no fraccionada o enoxaparina coadyuvante del tratamiento con estreptoquinasa y aspirina en el infarto agudo de miocardio con elevación del segmento ST / A decision analysis model: unfractionated heparin or enoxaparin coadjuvant for the treatment with streptokinase and aspirin in patients with acute myocardial infarction presenting with ST-Segment Elevation

Introducción: Es controvertida la indicación de heparina no fraccionada (HNF) o de bajo peso molecular (HBPM) como coadyuvante de estreptoquinasa y aspirina en el infarto agudo de miocardio (IAM). Objetivos: Establecer si la adición de anticoagulación es una opción más adecuada que la sola administración de estreptoquinasa y aspirina. En caso de resultar así, definir cuál tipo de heparina y vía de administración ofrece mayores beneficios. Métodos: Se realizó un análisis de decisión sobre una población simulada de 45 años de edad cursando un IAM de < 6 horas tratado con estreptoquinasa y aspirina. Se definieron cuatro estrategias coadyuvantes: no anticoagulación, HNF subcutánea (SC), HNF intravenosa (IV) y enoxaparina. Se definieron como eventos adversos al IAM, al IAM rcurrente y al accidente cerebrovascular menor o mayor ocurridos a los 30-35 días. En base a la evidencia se asignaron las probabilidades y las utilidades de los eventos aislados o combinados. Se estimó la expectativa de vida en años ajustados por calidad (QALYs). Se realizaron análisis de sensibilidad modificando las probabilidades y las utilidades de cada evento. Resultados: Las utilidades finales (QALYs) para cad estraegia resultaron: enoxaparina 8,4004; HNF IV 8,3275; HNF SC 8,3175 y no anticoagulación 8,2188. Enoxapirina resistió todos los análisis de sensibilidad planteados, excepto la asignación para HNF SC de un riesgo de muerte < 7,77 por ciento a los 30-35 días. Conclusiones: La adición de anticoagulación a estreptoquinasa y aspirina en el IAM resultó más adecuada que la sola administración de estreptoquinasa y aspirina. Enoxaparina resultó más conveniente que HNF.

It is controversial the indication of unfractioned heparin or low-molecular-weight heparin as a coadjuvant to streptokinase and aspirin, for the treatment of acute myocardial infarction. The objective of this study, was to investigate if the addition of anticoagulation is a more valid option than the sole supply of streptokinase and aspirin, and in such case, to establish which tipe of heparin should be the most suitable. It is concluded that the addition of anticoagulation to streptokinase and aspirin in acute myocardial infarction resulted more adequated than the sole administration of streptokinase plus aspirin. Enoxaparin resulted more convenient than unfractionated heparin

Terapia de reperfusión en infarto agudo al miocardio: Comparación entre trombolisis endovenosa y angioplastía coronaria / Angioplasty compared to thrombolysis as the initial reperfusion therapy in acute myocardial infarction

Background: Primary angioplasty is superior to intravenous thrombolysis as reperfusion therapy for acute myocardial infarction. Aim: To compare the results of available reperfusion strategies for initial management of acute myocardial infarction during hospitalization and 5 years follow up. Patients and Methods: Historical cohort study from a prospective registry of patients admitted with acute myocardial infarction to our center. Patients treated with primary angioplasty were identified and were then matched by age, sex and date of event with patients treated with throm-bolysis. The clinical outcomes were compared including hospitalization and 5-years follow-up. Results: From March 1993 to August 2001, 98 patients were treated with primary angioplasty and matched with 98 thrombolyzed patients. The groups were comparable. Compared to thrombolysis, angioplasty had a higher success rate (68 and 91% respectively), resulted in less complications and reduced mortality (11 and 2% respectively), required less revascularization procedures and shorter hospital stay (17 and 13 days, respectively). During the follow-up of survivors, no differences in events or additional mortality were detected at 1 or 5years. Conclusions: Primary angioplasty is superior as treatment in terms of achieving success and reducing mortality during hospitalization. Evolution after hospitalization is independent of initial therapy.

Tromboembolismo pulmonar masivo con respuesta exitosa a trombolisisfarmacológica: Caso clínico / Massive pulmonary thromboembolism treated successfully with streptokinase: Report of one case

Massive pulmonary thromboembolism has a high mortality. Early thrombolysis is the treatment of choice. We report a 79-year-old man admitted in shock. A chest angio-CAT scan showed a massive pulmonary thromboembolism. A transthoracic echocardiography showed a right cardiac dysfunction. Although the patient was in hemodynamic instability, he was subjected to thrombolysis with streptokinase, assisted with noradrenaline support and invasive mechanical ventilation. Parenteral anticoagulation was started thereafter. A second echocardiography, performed 72 hours later showed an improvement in right ventricular function. The patient had a nosocomial pneumonia that was treated. Noradrenalin and mechanical ventilation were discontinued nine and 15 days after thrombolysis. A new angio-CAT scan, 23 days after the procedure, was normal. The patient was discharged in good conditions 27 days after admission.

Mortalidad post infarto del miocardio en Chile: comparación de los registros de angioplastía primaria versus trombolisis / Mortality in myocardial Infarction in Chile: a comparison from the angioplasty and thrombolysis registries

Antecedentes: Desde el año 2005, se ha implementado en nuestro país un conjunto de políticas públicas para permitir un acceso universal al tratamiento trombolítico a los pacientes con infarto agudo del miocardio (IAM). Para evaluar sus resultados es importante establecer los estándares locales de las distintas opciones de reperfusión. Objetivos: 1) Comparar la mortalidad precoz y alejada de los pacientes con IAM sometidos a angioplastía primaria (angioplastía) versus los sometidos a trombolisis, en Chile. 2) Establecer los factores de riesgo de mortalidad en estos pacientes. Métodos: Utilizando los registros nacionales de angioplastía (RENAC) y de IAM (GEMI), seleccionamos a todos los pacientes con IAM tratados con angioplastía o trombolisis, durante los años 2003 y 2004. Entre ellos, comparamos mediante prueba de t de Student o chi-cuadrado, según correspondiera, sus características basales y su mortalidad hospitalaria, a 30 días, ya 12 y 24 meses. Además se hizo análisis de regresión logística multivariado para identificar los factores que independientemente se asociaron a mayor riesgo de mortalidad. Resultados: En el estudio se incluyeron 857 pacientes con IAM que recibieron trombolisis y 700 tratados con angioplastía. No hubo diferencias entre los grupos en cuanto a edad, sexo, incidencia de diabetes mellitus, hipertensión arterial, hiperlipidemia ni antecedentes de IAM previo. La mortalidad fue significativamente menor en los pacientes tratados con angioplastía (HR crudo: 0,65; 95 por ciento IC: 0,49-0,86, p=0,03). La diferencia fue evidente tanto para la mortalidad precoz como para la alejada. Así, alcanzó un 10,6 vs 6,3 por ciento (p <0,01), durante la hospitalización inicial, un 11,2 vs 8,1 por ciento a los 30 días (p <0,01), un 15,3vs 10,6 por ciento (p<0,01) a los 12 meses, y un 21,1 vs 11,7 por ciento a los 24 meses (p<0,001), para trombolisis y angioplastía respectivamente. Otros factores que independientemente se asociaron...

Background: From 2005, thrombolysis has been made available as a public health policy to treat acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in Chile. A comparison with results obtained locally with primary PTCA is relevant Aim: to compare early and late mortality in AMI between thrombolysis and PTCA treatments and to determine risk factors associated to mortality Methods: Data from national registries of PTCA (RENAC) and trombolysis (GEMI) of patients treated from 2003 through 2004 were analyzed. Early (<30day) and late (12 and 24 months) mortality was compared between groups. Logistic regression analysis was used to identify independent risk factors for mortality. Results: 857 patients received thrombolysis and 700 were treated by PTCA. Age, sex, prevalence of diabetes, hypertension, dyslipidemia and prior AMI were similar in both groups. PTCA was associated to lower mortality rates compared to thrombolysis (crude HR 0.65, 95 percent C. I. 0.49-0.86, p= 0.03). Early, 12month and 24month mortality rates for thrombolysis and PTCA treated patients were 10.6 vs. 6.3 percent, , 15.3 vs. 10.6 percent and 21.1 vs. 11.7 percent, respectively (p<0.01). Increased age, female gender and presence of diabetes were independently associated to mortality, overall. Conclusion: Primary PTCA was associated to lower early and late mortality rates compared to thrombolysis in Chilean registry data.

Eficacia y seguridad de la instilación precoz de estreptoquinasa intrapleural en el tratamiento del empiema paraneumónico complicado en niños / Efficacy and safety of early intrapleural instillation of streptokinase in the treatment of complicated parapneumonic empyema in children

En enero de 2005, en el Hospital Pediátrico del Centro Hospitalario Pereira Rossell se implementó un protocolo de instilación de estreptoquinasa (STK) intrapleural como alternativa al tratamiento quirúrgico del empiema complicado. La STK intrapleural administrada en los primeros ocho d¡as de colocado el drenaje disminuy la duracion del drenaje de tórax, la necesidad de toracotom¡a y la estad¡a hospitalaria. Objetivo.: describir los resultados de la instilación intrapleural precoz de STK en niños hospitalizados con empiema paraneumónico complicado, y compararlos con los resultados obtenidos tras la instilación en los primeros ocho d¡as de colocado el drenaje de tórax. Material y método: se incluyeron los niños con empiema paraneumónico complicado hospitalizados entre el 1º de abril de 2005 y el 30 de set. de 2007. Se dividieron en dos cohortes. Histórica: niños hospitalizados entre el 1º de abril de 2005 y el 1º de agosto de 2006, en los que el diagnóstico de empiema complicado se hizo según criterios cl¡nicos y ecográficos, que recibieron STK intrapleural en los primeros ocho d¡as luego de colocado el drenaje de tórax. Prospectiva: niños hospitalizados entre el 1º de marzo y el 30 de setiembre de 2007 diagnosticados y tratados según el nuevo protocolo. Se comparó la evolución mediante las siguientes variables: duración del drenaje de tórax, complicaciones, necesidad de toracotom¡a, estad¡a hospitalaria y muerte. Resultados: ambos grupos fueron comparables. La duración de la estad¡a hospitalaria y deldrenaje de tórax fueron menores en los niños tratados con STK intrapleural en forma precoz (p<0,05). Requirieron toracotom¡a dos niños, uno en cada cohorte. El número y tipo de complicaciones fue similar en ambos grupos. Ninguno de los pacientes incluidos en el estudio falleció. Conclusiones: la instilación intrapleural precoz de STK constituye una alternativa terapéutica para el tratamiento de niños con empiema paraneumónico complicado.

In January 2005, a protocol was implemented at the Pereira Rossell Hopital Centre, for the administration of intrapleural streptokinase (STK) as an alternative to surgical treatment of complicated empyema. Intrapleural STK, when administered in the first eight days subsequent to the placing of the drainage diminished the duration of thoracic drainage, the need for thoracotomy and a prolonged stay in hospital. Objective: to describe results of early intrapleural instillation of streptokinase in children hospitalized with complicated parapneumonic empyema, and to compare them to the results obtained after instillation during the first eight days subsequent to the placement of thoracic drainage. Method: children with complicated parapneumonic empyema that were hospitalized from April 1, 2005 through September 30, 2007 were included in the study. They were divided into two cohorts. Historical: children hospitalized from April 1, 2005 and August 1, 2006, when diagnosis of complicated empyema was made according to clinical and ecographic criteria, who received intrapleural STK during the first eight days subsequent to the placement of thoracic drainage. Prospective: children hospitalized from March 1, 2007 and September 30, 2007, diagnosed and treated according to the new protocol. Evolution was compared through the following variables: duration of thoracic drainage, complications, need for thoracotomy, duration of hospital stay and death. Results: both groups were comparable. Duration of hospital stay and thoracic drainage were lower in children treated with early intrapleural STK (p<0,05). Two children required thoracotomy, one in each cohort group. The number and type of complications was similar in both groups. None of the patients included in the study died. Conclusions: early intrapleural instillation of STK constitutes a therapeutic alternative in the treatment of children with complicated parapneumonic empyema.

Em janeiro de 2005, no Hospital Pediátrico do Centro Hospitalar Pereira Rossell foi implementado um protocolo de instilação de estreptoquinase (STK) intrapleural como alternativa ao tratamento cirúrgico do empiema complicado. A STK intrapleural administrada nos primeiros oito dias após a colocação do dreno reduziu a duração da drenagem de tórax, a necessidade de toracotomia e a permanência no hospital. Objetivo: descrever os resultados da instilação intrapleural precoce de STK em crianças hospitalizadas com empiema parapneumônico complicado, e fazer uma comparação com os resultados obtidos após a instilação nos primeiros oito dias após o começo da drenagem de tórax. Material e método: foram inclu¡das crianças com empiema parapneumônico complicado internadas no per¡odo 1º de abril de 2005 - 30 de setembro de 2007. Foram divididas em duas coortes. Histórico: crianças internadas no per¡odo 1º de abril de 2005 - 1º de agosto de 2006, com diagnóstico de empiema complicado feito por critérios clínicos e ecográficos, que receberam STK intrapleural nos primeiros oito dias após a colocação da drenagem de tórax. Prospectiva: crianças internadas no per¡odo 1º de março - 30 de setembro de 2007 diagnosticadas e tratadas de acordo como o novo protocolo. A comparação da evolução foi feita empregando as seguintes variáveis: duração da drenagem de tórax, complicações, necessidade de toracotomia, permanência no hospital e morte. Resultados: os resultados de ambos grupos eram comparáveis. A duração da internação e da drenagem de tórax foi menor nas crianças tratadas com STK intrapleural precoce (p<0,05). Em duas crianças foi necessário realizar toracotomia, uma em cada coorte. O número e tipo de complicações foi similar em ambos grupos. Nenhum paciente faleceu. Conclusões: a instilação intrapleural precoce de STK‚ uma alternativa terapêutica para o tratamento de crianças com empiema parapneumônico complicado.

Infarto agudo del miocardio, su diferencia entre sexos en la tercera edad / Acute myocardial infarction, its difference between sexes in the third age

OBJETIVO: analizar la influencia del sexo en el tratamiento con Estreptoquinasa Recombinante y la evolución del Infarto Agudo del Miocardio (IMA) en la tercera edad. MÉTODOS: se realizó un estudio observacional, analítico, longitudinal, retrospectivo en 239 pacientes de 60 años y más, atendidos por infarto agudo del miocardio en la sala de Cuidados Intensivos del Hospital General Docente "Aleida Fernández Chardiet" del municipio Güines, en el período comprendido desde enero de 2002 hasta diciembre de 2006 y que presentaron supradesnivel del segmento ST mayor de 1mm en una o más derivaciones estándar, o más de 2 mm en dos o más derivaciones precordiales continuas. RESULTADOS: El sexo femenino se relacionó con las edades comprendidas entre 60 y 89 años, Clase Killip II y III, infartos de cara anterior, reperfusión lograda, arritmias y edema agudo del pulmón. El sexo masculino con la edad de 90 años y más, clase Killip I y IV, IMA posterior, angina, extensión del IMA y shock. El sexo femenino desarrolló Clase Killip II y III entre 60 y 89 años, IMA anterior extenso entre 60 y 69 años, se trombolisó entre 70 y 89 años y logró mas reperfusión en todas las edades. El sexo masculino presentó IMA de cara posterior y fue más trombolisado entre 60 y 69 años, complicándose con shock, extensión del IMA y angina post IMA más frecuentemente que el femenino en todas las edades. CONCLUSIONES: la mortalidad se relacionó con la no aplicación del tratamiento fibrinolítico independientemente del sexo y con las edades de 90 años y más en el sexo masculino (73 por ciento) y de 70 a 89 años en el sexo femenino(AU)

OBJECTIVE: to analyze the influence of the male sex on the treatment with recombinant streptokinase and the evolution of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in the third age. METHODS: a retrospective, longitudinal, analytical and observational study was conducted in 239 patients aged 60 and over that had an acute myocardial infarction and received attention at the Intensive Care Ward of "Dra. Aleida Fernández Chardiet" Teaching General Hospital of Guines municipality from January 2002 to December 2006. They presented a supraunevenness of ST above 1 mm in one or more standard derivations, or more than 2 mm in two or more continuous precordial derivations. Results: The female sex was related to ages between 60 and 89 years old, Killip Class II and III, anterior infarctions, reperfusion achieved, arrhythmias, and acute lung edema. The male sex was related to age 90 and over, Killip Class I and IV, posterior AMI, angina, AMI extension, and shock. Females developed Killip Class II and III between 60 and 89 years old, extensive anterior AMI between 60 and 69 years old, thrombolysis between 60 and 69 years old, and more reperfusion at all ages. Males presented posterior AMI and were more thrombolised between 60 and 69 years old. They complicated with shock, extensive AMI, and post-AMI angina more frequently than females at all ages. CONCLUSIONS:Mortality was related to the non-application of the fibrinolytic treatment, independently of sex, and to ages of 90 years old and over in males (73 percent), and from 70 to 89 years old in females(AU)

Antecedentes, estado actual y perspectivas de la conducción de ensayos clínicos en Ciego de Ávila / Antecedents, present state and perspective of the conduction of clinical tests in Ciego de Avila Province

El presente trabajo trata de cómo se ha comportado la participación de nuestra provincia en la conducción de estos ensayos clínicos, así como identificar los ensayos clínicos nacionales según: centro promotor, producto evaluado, ritmo de inclusión. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo longitudinal. Para la realización de este trabajo se revisaron todos los informes parciales de monitoreo que realiza el departamento de investigaciones al Centro Nacional Coordinador de Ensayos Clínicos (CENCEC) desde que se realizó el primer ensayo clínico nacional en la provincia 1996 hasta la fecha. La participación de la provincia Ciego de Ávila en ensayos clínicos nacionales ha ido en aumento en los últimos años, sobre todo después del 2000. Los centros promotores de ensayos clínicos nacionales en nuestra provincia son centros de investigaciones del polo científico cubano. Los ensayos clínicos que mayor número de pacientes incluyeron fueron: los de Peyronie, estreptoquinasa en IMA y Tysuacril en heridas traumáticas buco faciales.

An exploratory study with descriptive design was carried out about authors of Ciego de Avila province in the provincial magazine MediCiego from 2005 to 2007, with the aim of describing the behaviour of the scientific production for which all the numbers of the magazine in these years were reviewed, starting from the inclusion of them in the map of knowledge of the project on Knowledge Management that is carried out in the Provincial Information Centre of Ciego de Ávila province. It was demonstrated that the scientific production of health professionals during the period 2005-2007 was low, taking into consideration the existent specialized human potential in the territory, the facilities that MediCiego Magazine offers to the professionals of this sector, and that the scientific production among women is superior to the found one between men and the existence of a greater number of articles of clinical investigation by medical professionals of the General Hospitals of Ciego de Ávila and Morón.

A case of venous gangrene, treated successfully with thrombolytic therapy and skin grafting.

Venous gangrene is a rare condition. We report a case of venous gangrene, treated successfully with thrombolytic therapy and subsequently by skin grafting.

Acute pulmonary embolism advances in treatment.

Recent advances in interventional cardiology, pharmacotherapeutics and modern surgical management in tertiary cardiac care centers have tremendously improved the present treatment of Pulmonary Embolism (PE). CT pulmonary angiography (CTPA), nuclear lung scan (V/Q scan), D-dimer test and modern echocardiography have revolutionized the diagnostic methodology and risk assessment criteria. Cardiogenic shock or systolic hypotension (BP < 90 mmHg) and presence of right ventricular dysfunction (or failure) are two principal criteria which govern the severity of pulmonary embolism. While all patients of pulmonary embolism require anticoagulation, systemic thrombolytic therapy is the mainstay of initial treatment in massive and submassive pulmonary embolism. When thrombolysis is contraindicated or has failed, urgent surgical embolectomy or catheter embolectomy may be life saving procedures in severe pulmonary embolism.

Mortalidad intrahospitalaria en hombres y mujeres según terapias de reperfusión en infarto agudo del miocardio con supradesnivel del ST / ln-hospital mortality after ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction according to reperiusion therapy

Primary angioplasty is considered the best reperiusion therapy in the treatment of ST-segment elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI). However, thrombolysis is the reperiusion method most commonly used, due to its wide availability, reduced costs and ease of administration. Aim: To compare inhospital mortality in STEMI patients according to reperiusion therapy. Material and Methods: Patients admitted to Chilean hospitals participating in the GEMI network, from 2001 to 2005, with STEMI were included. They were divided in three groups: a) treated with thrombolytics, b) treated with primary angioplasty, c) without reperiusion procedure. Inhospital mortality according to gender, was analized in each group, using a logistic regression method, to assess risk factors associated with mortality. Results: We included 3,255 patients. Global mortality was 9.9 percent (7.5 percent in men and 16.7 percent in women, p <0.001). Mortality in patients treated with thrombolytics, was 10.2 percent (7.6 percent in men and 18.7 percent in women, p <0.01). The figure for patients treated with primary angioplasty, was 4.7 percent (2.5 percent in men and 13 percent in women, p <0.01), and in patients without reperiusion, was 11.6 percent (9.8 percent in men and in 15.4 percent women, p <0.01). In each group women were older, had a higher prevalence of hypertension and a higher percentage of Killip 3-4 infarctions. Logistic regression showed that angioplasty, compared with no reperiusion, was associated with a reduced mortality only in men. The use oí thrombolytics in women was associated with a higher mortality. Conclusions: Primary angioplasty was the reperiusion therapy associated to the lower mortality in STEMI. Use of thrombolytics in women was associated with a higher mortality rate than in non reperfused women.